Tikrit Journal of Political Science is a quarterly journal concerned with scientific and academic political research issued by the College of Political Sciences / Tikrit University. It is concerned with global events and issues, specialized in international affairs, strategy, political and security systems, international economic relations and peacebuilding.
Consumer Behavior and Water Security in Iraq for the Period 2020–2025
The relationship between water consumption behavior and water security in Iraq extends beyond the service dimension to broader political, economic, social, and security dimensions. Water security in Iraq is no longer solely dependent on the adequacy of available water resources, but is also determined by the nature of water use patterns, the efficiency of water management, and the ability of the state and society to control waste, pollution, and poor distribution. Iraq is among the countries most reliant on water imported from outside its borders, at a time when the effects of population growth, urban expansion, deteriorating infrastructure, the persistence of traditional irrigation methods, and weak public awareness of the value of water are intensifying, in addition to regional pressures resulting from the policies of upstream countries. Therefore, the decline in water security in Iraq over the last decade was not solely due to external factors, but also a direct reflection of internal imbalances in consumption behavior at both the individual and institutional levels. These imbalances are manifested in domestic wastefulness, weak pricing and metering, high losses in the networks, and the agricultural sector's appropriation of the largest share of water without a corresponding efficiency in production or management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tikrit Journal For Political Science
" Political behavior in the digital age: A study of social media networks and their impact on political participation in Iraq
This research aims to study the impact of social networks, which have become powerful tools for exchanging information, social trends, and influencing public opinion. It examines the compatibility between the use of social networks and the impact of social media use. Regarding the impact on public opinion, the research emphasizes studying the relationship between the use of social media networks and the level and methods of political participation among Iraqi citizens. This includes analyzing patterns of political expression online, participation in election campaigns, and advocacy for social and political issues. The spread of political information and news confirmed that digitization has enhanced citizens’ political awareness and enabled them to express their opinions directly. However, this impact varies according to age, educational level, and geographical location. It also showed that social networks have contributed to creating a space for public debate, but at the same time they have shown challenges related to information literacy and the spread of fake news, which may affect the quality of political participation.
The Domestic Implications of the Military Conflict in Sudan
That the Sudanese society was and still is a victim of the rule of the military establishment, and the latter aims at authority and wealth and not building a state, and whoever possesses authority and wealth owns power, and the latter lies in the hands of the military institution that is not in agreement between its leadership because of personal interests and the desire to remain in power for as long as possible even if the loser is the Sudanese people, so the military institution became divided between the army and the Rapid Support Forces, and the two parties entered into a military conflict, which had economic and humanitarian repercussions that affected the Sudanese citizen and the subsequent sabotage and destruction of the infrastructure infrastructure in the country, and a wave of displacement and migration inside and outside Sudanese territory, which had repercussions on neighboring countries, in addition to the serious collapse of the food system, and the conflict caused the deaths of hundreds of civilians and thousands of injuries.
U.S. Foreign Policy Orientations towards the Western Hemisphere in Light of the 2025 National Security Strategy
The study examines the position of the Western Hemisphere within U.S. foreign policy orientations under the 2025 National Security Strategy, considering it a vital geopolitical domain directly linked to the sustainability of American power in the international system. It argues that U.S. foreign policy is increasingly moving toward a form of controlled regionalization aimed at containing international competition, restructuring interactions within the Western Hemisphere, and preventing its transformation into a sphere of influence for competing powers such as China and Russia .Within this framework, a multidimensional set of instruments emerges, designed to enhance economic interdependence while regulating the security and political environment of the region. The study further projects two potential trajectories for the future of this domain: one reinforcing the continuity of U.S. hegemony, and the other indicating possible decline in the event of intensified external penetration .It concludes that U.S.control over the Western Hemisphere is likely to persist within manageable limits, without evolving into a comprehensive structural threat to its dominance in the international system.
Political Science and International Relations
The Future of Arab Security in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Strategic Foresight
Artificial Intelligence (AI) represents a pivotal turning point in human history, transcending its role as a mere technical tool to become the primary driver in reshaping the concepts of power and security within the Arab sphere. As the gravity of confrontations shifts from traditional battlefields to cyber and algorithmic spaces, complex patterns of hybrid threats have emerged, characterized by rapid speed and anonymity. This shift has placed traditional security systems under a rigorous test of resilience and responsiveness, amid a reality marked by technological dependency and a widening digital divide. The foresight into the future of Arab security necessitates moving beyond classical approaches toward adopting strategies that rely on AI as a fundamental pillar for enhancing national sovereignty. This entails transforming security doctrines from "reactive" to "predictive security and preemptive deterrence" by leveraging Big Data to fortify critical infrastructure. The transition toward a smart Arab security system is no longer a technological luxury but a strategic necessity to ensure stability in an era where risks ignore geographical borders. In this age, wars are governed by digital superiority, and sovereignty is preserved only through the mastery of the algorithm, within future trajectories that balance technological opportunities with the obstacles of collective security integration.
Major Powers and Escalation: An Attempt to Understand International Relations
A 2008 study defines escalation as "an increase in the intensity or scope of a conflict beyond a threshold(s) that one or more of the participants consider significant." Escalation in any of these situations involves a conflict worsening in some way, transforming it into something different, such as a regional war becoming a global one, or a regional war rising to new levels of violence. Simply put, escalation in the geopolitical sense is a significant jump in the intensity of a confrontation, although the nature of this jump—its significance and severity—may vary. Therefore, we see that the escalation has become more operational than ever before, given the rush of international powers in two identical directions: o First: Taking the necessary steps to overcome the impossibility of a controlled response to the strategic ascent of particular international powers. o Second: Contributing to reshaping the geostrategic context of international relations/politics as a whole, framing the movement of international interaction after becoming accustomed to the distribution of resources of the combined international force. Especially when confronting challenges, between multiple points of concentration, not at one point of high concentration, and between points of deployment, not at the point of maximum practical deployment.
Teaching Human Rights in Iraqi Universities: Academic Frameworks and Social Outcomes
The academic frameworks of this subject aim to provide students with in-depth knowledge of human rights, and to draw the theoretical and practical frameworks in the fields of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. This knowledge foundation aims to form specialized cadres capable of researching, analyzing, and making informed decisions. As for the societal outcomes of the study of human rights, they are of utmost importance for building more tolerant, just and democratic societies, because this subject contributes to spreading the culture of human rights, instilling the values of dignity, equality, mutual respect and tolerance, and enhances the social and moral responsibility of individuals, by enabling them to know their rights and duties, and the study of human rights helps to raise awareness of its violations and thus defend and maintain rights, and contributes to preparing a generation of conscious people working in the Civil society organizations support the rule of law and ensure legal protection for all, which contributes to the consolidation of the principles of peace in society.
“ Japan-China relations after 2020 from interdependence to balance of interests"
This research highlights the elements and variables that affecting the nature of Japanese-Chinese relations through testing the Randall Schuler's assumptions of balance of interests theory, and how it can contribute to explaining and predicting the future paths of cooperation and competition between them. It addresses the most prominent determinants facing Japanese-Chinese relations and measuring its impact, as well as tracking the ranges of trade partnership since the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP) came into effect in 2021, which represents the first regional trade partnership agreement that brings them together, and how it can contribute to setting limits for security competition and enhance opportunities for cooperation between them.
Leadership crisis and decline in political confidence in (Israel) after the events of October 7, 2023: "An analysis of the reality and possible paths
This research examines the Israeli leadership crisis following the events of October 7, 2023, by analyzing the conceptual framework of the crisis of leadership, trust, and political legitimacy, and linking it to the dysfunctions that afflicted the Israeli security and political system. The research focuses on the most prominent shifts in Israeli security doctrine through a comparison before and after the events, particularly the failure of deterrence, early warning, and rapid response systems. It also reviews the most significant manifestations of the crisis at both the internal and external levels, including declining public support, institutional divisions, and increasing international isolation. The research demonstrates that this crisis contributed to the erosion of political legitimacy and the loss of trust in leadership institutions, concluding that the events of October 7 constituted a structural turning point that threatened the stability of the Israeli political system.
The Phenomenon of Climate Change and Its Impact on Gulf Public Policies: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as a Model
This study examines the impact of climate change on public policies in the Arab Gulf states, with a particular focus on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as an applied case study. It highlights the environmental and climatic challenges facing the region and analyzes how these developments have compelled Gulf governments to reorient their environmental, economic, social, and institutional policies in ways that ensure sustainability and resilience in the face of escalating climate risks. The research also explores the role of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in developing institutions responsible for the formulation and implementation of public policies, adopting advanced environmental strategies, and actively participating in international climate-related agreements. The study employs a descriptive–analytical methodology, drawing on a review of the relevant literature and official scientific sources, as well as an analysis of the Saudi experience in addressing climate change within the framework of sustainable development. The study concludes that climate change has become a central factor in reshaping public policies and that the Saudi experience represents a comprehensive model of effective institutional and strategic response to climate challenges in the Arab Gulf region.
United Nations Diplomacy in Addressing the Phenomenon of Climate Change
United Nations diplomacy is the cornerstone of global efforts to address climate change by providing a comprehensive negotiating platform, promoting international cooperation, and supporting countries in building their capacity to meet challenges. As climate challenges continue to become more complex, this diplomacy remains indispensable for achieving the goals of sustainability and climate justice. The problem of climate change began to attract the attention of political decision-makers as a new emergency threatening the world in the early 1970s. However, this change was initially ignored. With the growth of global economies, more fossil fuels were burned, forest areas were cleared for agricultural purposes, and more carbon dioxide was produced. Over 20 years of continuous efforts by scientists, NGOs, international organizations, and many governments to convince the international community to agree on coordinating efforts to address climate change through a series of conferences and workshops, a group of experienced scientists reached a consensus on the scenarios of the problem and the severity of the observed global warming in 1986.
Don Casler and Tyler Jost, Lost in Transmission: Bureaucracy, Noise and Communication in International politics, International Security,
Traditionally, scholars have attributed gaps between senders and receivers to noise in the international system, as well as to receiver-side errors such as psychological biases and organizational inefficiencies. However, international communication is a reciprocal, two-way process. Casler and Jost demonstrate that senders themselves can contribute to misunderstanding through transmission noise. Some misunderstandings arise from bureaucracies’ inability to effectively articulate what political leaders intend to convey.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tikrit Journal For Political Science
S Regional security integration and confidence-building between Iraq and the Gulf Arab states
The research deals with the topic "regional security integration; confidence-building between Iraq and the Arab Gulf states" as a strategic tool; enhances regional stability; contributes to overcoming the costs of conflicts and some of the rivalries, especially the Arab Gulf, and comes to the main problem of research; with the question: "How does" security integration" build a regional environment; be more stable; at the expense of conflicts?" The main premise is that "security integration", if designed and implemented in accordance with a strategic vision, would be an effective alternative to" traditional alliances " and enhance the resilience of states in the face of the security challenges they face, including complex complex ones. The research seeks to achieve major goals, most notably: discussing the effectiveness of "security integration" and its feasibility, describing its challenges, and foreseeing future opportunities; to achieve it, the importance lies in its contribution to identifying practical approaches, especially decision makers, the research used three basic approaches: "descriptive analytical approach", "sometimes comparative approach", and in the areas of "case study approach", and others as well. The structure of the research was divided into chapters, which discussed: the theoretical framework of security integration, international and regional experiences, the most prominent security and technical challenges, future prospects and policies, and then practical recommendations for Iraq and the Gulf.
The Implications of Public Policies in Post-Conflict Societies: Iraq as a Model
The research attempts to study public policies in post-conflict societies by analyzing the theoretical framework of this relationship and its associated characteristics, and identifying the effects of conflict on the structure and functions of the state, relying on Iraq as a case study that represents a clear example of the complexities that accompanied countries emerging from violent conflicts, by addressing the most prominent security, political, economic and social challenges that hindered and still hinder the implementation of public policies in it, and clarifying the strategic objectives for reconstruction and consolidating stability. The research is based on an analytical-descriptive approach that links theory and practice.
Envisioning the Future of Democracy in the Impact of Artificial Intelligence
This study examines the complex relationship between artificial intelligence and democratic systems in the context of accelerating digital transformation. It analyzes the impact of AI technologies on core democratic principles, particularly political participation, transparency, accountability, and representation. The research is based on the assumption that artificial intelligence represents a dual-impact phenomenon: while it offers significant opportunities to enhance good governance and data-driven decision-making, it also poses structural risks to democratic practices through information manipulation, algorithmic bias, and the erosion of public trust. Adopting a descriptive, analytical, and foresight-oriented approach, the study concludes by presenting three future scenarios for democracy in the age of artificial intelligence—democratic enhancement, democratic decline, and gradual regulatory balance—emphasizing that the future of democracy ultimately depends on the ability of institutions to regulate and ethically govern technological power in the public interest.
The Panopticon: Transformations Surveillance Authority in the Digital Age
Technological advancements in recent decades have brought about a qualitative shift in surveillance, in terms of tools, techniques, institutional structure, objectives, and desired outcomes. Surveillance has become a global issue, transforming from a physical, spatial, and punitive system to a moral, legal, and network-based one, relying on modern digitization. Once the domain of the state, used for security, reform, and maintaining order, it has been privatized and driven by profit, shifting from the production of material goods to the sale of future consumer behavior. These transformations have been the focus of research by several thinkers, most notably Jeremy Bentham, Michel Foucault, and Shoshana Zuboff, whose writings have significantly influenced
The Russian Federation as a restructuring force in the international system after 2022: its future prospects
This research addresses the geopolitical transformation that the Russian Federation has undergone since 2022, as an active revising force in the international system, seeking to reshape the rules of international interaction and end the era of unilateral hegemony that has prevailed since the collapse of the Soviet Union. The researcher explains that this transformation was not a product of the moment, but rather the result of a historical accumulation of structural tensions between Russia and the West, which were clearly manifested in the Russian-Ukrainian war, which constituted a decisive turning point that prompted Moscow to move from a strategy of peaceful change through diplomacy and international institutions to a strategy of coercive change based on military force and the imposition of a geopolitical fait accompli.
"The energy variable in Russian foreign policy: dimensions of power and geostrategic application in its regional and international relations"
The paper analyzes the pivotal periodicity of the energy variable as a geostrategic power tool in Russian foreign policy, based on the premise that energy is no longer merely an economic resource but rather a structural tool in reshaping Russian influence regionally and internationally. The research shows that Russia used energy as a means of mutual pressure and polarization with the European Union before the Ukrainian war and sanctions led to a reorientation of its strategies towards the East, particularly with China, which has become its largest energy partner, albeit with increasing dependency risks. Russia also maintained its influence in Central Asia by controlling transit corridors and pipeline infrastructure, while the relationship with Turkey was embodied in a model of competitive cooperation based on mutual interests and joint energy projects. The research concludes that energy represents the central pillar of contemporary Russian power, used to manage crises, balance relations with major powers, and consolidate Russia's role as a major player in the global energy security architecture, despite structural transformations and Western sanctions.
The Chinese Maritime Strategy Towards the Indian Ocean: Challenges and Opportunities
Maritime power is a crucial element for emerging nations. It allows countries to assert their influence over global supply chains and fulfil their goals of maintaining the flow of goods and services to and from their borders. In this context, China has recognised that it cannot attain its aspirations for global hegemony without a strong naval force, which serves as the key tool in redefining its role in the international system. The Indian Ocean, in particular, represents a vital gateway for China to achieve these objectives. The importance of research is that it rooted China's maritime strategy towards the Indian Ocean and clarified the relationship between the growth of Chinese naval power, economic effectiveness, and the exercise of international influence. The problem lies in the multiplicity of visions regarding the extent of China's awareness of the importance of naval power in achieving its global ambitions. Some narratives emphasise its primary importance, while others focus on its complementary importance. The main question, therefore, is: to what extent does China's rise and influence in the Indian Ocean depend on its growing naval power? The hypothesis suggests that China's maritime strategy is strengthening its rise as a global power. The country's naval presence in the Indian Ocean is crucial for realising its ambitions by 2049. China's international initiatives, especially the Belt and Road Initiative, cannot succeed without strengthening its naval power and presence to safeguard its economic interests across Asia, Europe, and Africa. It is also the main gateway for reshaping China's relations with the countries in the Chain of Pearls, and its decline based on challenges and opportunities will determine whether China can reach the top of the international hierarchy.
Iraq and the development path project: opportunities and challenges of the geopolitical reality and the current regional situation
In view of the geopolitical transformations taking place in the regional and international environments, Iraq seeks, through the Development Path Project, to expand the circle of openness to its regional and international neighborhood through its foreign policy, as the expansion of its geopolitical space towards theworlddid not come from a vacuum, but rather through its awareness of these transformations, as well as its awareness of For the set of geopolitical advantages that it enjoys, and how to employ them in order to return to its natural status as an important centerin theregion by virtue of its distinctive geographical location, which serves as a link and communication link between the East and the West, as well as how to exploit the opportunities available to it economically, politically, and security, and address the challenges that itmay face.His desired project.Thus, the research focuses on the opportunities and challenges of this project and its impact on the economic and political situation, in order to achieve sustainable development and get rid of the rentier character inherent in the Iraqi economy.
Khor Abdullah and Iraqi Foreign Policy: Between Domestic Pressures and Regional Balances
This research examines the Khawr Abdullah dispute as one of the most complex issues in Iraqi foreign policy after 2003, given its constitutional, domestic, regional, and international dimensions. The first section focuses on internal factors shaping Iraq’s stance, including the constitutional and political debates surrounding the 2012 agreement, the role of public opinion and social movements, and the economic considerations linked to strategic projects such as the Grand Faw Port. The second section analyzes regional and international dynamics, starting with Iraqi–Kuwaiti relations, the influence of Iran and the Gulf Cooperation Council, and the role of external intervention, particularly the United Nations Security Council and major powers such as the United States and China. The study concludes that the Khawr Abdullah case represents a complex intersection of domestic and external interests, highlighting Iraq’s limited capacity to formulate an independent foreign policy under overlapping pressures.
Cooperation in the Chaos of the International Community
The international community is composed of a group of international and non-international actors, and there is no supreme central authority that imposes and manages these actors within society. Each state enjoys sovereignty independent of other states. According to what the schools of thought in international relations see, this leads to the prevalence of chaos and exacerbates crises and conflicts between states within that community. International interactions witness a rise in the scale of conflict and competition while the scale of cooperation declines. However, schools of thought have reached the conclusion that the absence of a supreme authority and the prevalence of chaos do not prevent cooperation, whether limited between two or more states, for the purpose of achieving common interests and goals among the various members of the international community.
Regional political dialogue as a tool for stabilization: The Iraqi case study
The Arab region continues to face deeply rooted challenges stemming from political fragmentation, ideological divisions, and foreign interventions—all of which have hindered efforts to establish a sustainable and inclusive regional security framework. In this complex context, the notion of "bridging political perspectives" emerges as a strategic and diplomatic approach to fostering regional stability through dialogue, mutual understanding, and de-escalation of political tensions. Iraq holds a unique and pivotal position in this regional dynamic. Its geographic location connects the Levant and the Gulf with the broader Arab world; its diverse ethno-sectarian composition reflects the pluralistic fabric of the region; and its post-2003 political transformation has enabled a degree of diplomatic re-engagement and regional outreach. Iraq’s experience in managing internal divisions, its participation in Arab summits, and involvement in regional cooperation frameworks such as the “New Levant” initiative position it as a potential mediator and consensus builder among Arab states. This study explores Iraq’s tools and capacities to perform this bridging role through flexible diplomacy, multilateral dialogue, and proactive engagement with both converging and conflicting actors in the region. It also addresses the major obstacles impeding this role, including internal political instability, limited institutional capacity, and external influences shaping Iraq’s foreign policy. Ultimately, the paper argues that despite its challenges, Iraq has the potential to contribute meaningfully to Arab political rapprochement and regional stability provided there is a coherent political will and institutional support to strengthen its diplomatic agency.
: Early Detection and Prevention Strategies Educational Institutions and the Challenge of Intellectual Extremism
This research aims to examine the phenomenon of intellectual extremism within educational institutions by focusing on early detection mechanisms and effective methods to curb its spread. Intellectual extremism negatively impacts students by fostering rigid mindsets that can affect the learning environment and overall societal stability. The study explores the concept of intellectual extremism, its causes, and the factors contributing to its prevalence in educational settings, such as weak curricula that fail to promote critical thinking, the influence of digital media, and the lack of sufficient awareness programs. The research also highlights early detection strategies for intellectual extremism, including monitoring students’ ideological behaviors, enhancing the role of teachers and administrators in identifying early signs of extremism, and developing curricula that support human values and tolerance. Furthermore, it proposes practical solutions such as improving educational curricula, training teachers to handle extremist ideologies, and developing extracurricular activities that foster cooperation and openness. The study concludes that early detection of intellectual extremism within educational institutions can significantly reduce its spread, particularly when educational policies prioritize critical thinking and constructive dialogue. The research recommends the development of awareness programs and community partnerships to create a safe educational environment that promotes intellectual moderation and protects students from ideological radicalization.
" Self-Defeating Beliefs among Civil Society Organization Employees Dohuk Governorate"
The study aimed to identify the level of self-defeating beliefs among employees in civil society organizations and to examine the significance of differences in the level of these beliefs according to some demographic variables. The comparative descriptive method was employed. The study population consisted of (300) male and female employees, selected randomly from staff working in civil society organizations. The researcher adopted the scale developed by Burns (2020) and translated by Shehata (2022). The results indicated that the overall level of self-defeating beliefs among the study sample was low. No statistically significant differences were found according to the demographic variables of nature of work, type of work, marital status, job title, years of service and Blood Type. However, the findings revealed statistically significant differences based on gender, favoring females; on holding an additional job, favoring those with only one job; and on birth order, favoring the middle-born. Participants holding a bachelor’s degree reported fewer self-defeating beliefs. Moreover, the age group of 29–33 years exhibited the highest level of self-defeating beliefs. Finally, regarding working hours, the group working 9–13 hours per day showed higher levels of such beliefs.
Government policies to address the drug phenomenon in Iraq
Drugs have become a serious challenge in Iraq after 2003 as a result of the security, economic and social changes that have occurred. After Iraq was a transit point for drugs, it has become a consumer and producer of them. Despite the great government efforts in enacting laws and tightening security control, the continuation of corruption, poverty, unemployment, economic and religious reasons and other factors hinder the efforts made, The effects of the phenomenon have clearly appeared and are visible and have a significant impact on the individual, Iraqi society, and the country’s national security, as they contribute to institutional funding and cause disruption in the social fabric. Therefore, there is no harm in a comprehensive strategy that combines legal security solutions and sudden awareness of the phenomenon.
Syria's diverse ethnic demographics, including Assyrians, Armenians, Kurds, Christians, Druze, Ismailis, and Alawites, A major role in the system of government have played a significant role in shaping the country's future. However, on December 8 of last year, the scenario changed dramatically after Assad fled to Moscow and his regime collapsed The new government, led by the leader of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, interim president Ahmad al-Sharaa, presents a new reality that is different from the previous regime, especially in the issue of minorities and their protection. Therefore, the issue of minorities was given special importance, and constituted the first major test for al-Sharaa in the political sphere. It is clear that protecting minorities in Syria is of paramount importance for establishing democracy in Syria, and the same is true for al-Sharaa and his government. Because his legitimacy inside Syria and on the international stage depends on it, and this is what we have observed in the Assad government, which derived its legitimacy by presenting an appearance of unity and cohesion among minorities in Syria. Therefore, we will go to extremes in this research on the future of minorities in Syria and compare between two stages: the stage of the Assad regime and the stage after the collapse of the Assad regime. We will use the historical method, the comparative method, and the method of future studies
The Characteristics of the Tribal Political System in the Contemporary Arab Stat
Abstract This research explores the most important characteristics of the tribal political system in the contemporary Arab state across three main parts. The study identifies the fundamental features of tribal systems in various Arab societies in both the East and the West of the Arab world. Firstly, in the Eastern Arab region, the research examines the characteristics of the tribal political system in the Arabian Gulf, which are shaped by the inherently tribal nature of its societies and the influential role of the tribe in political life. The study also addresses the key features of the system in the Levant and its specific context. In the Western Arab region, the research outlines the characteristics present in the Maghreb countries, as well as in Egypt and Sudan. These variations are also linked to the tribal nature of the societies. Although some external similarities may exist among these systems, there are essential differences in their core and substance. Each society and state possesses its own unique traditions, culture, and ways of interaction—reflecting, in general, the distinct nature of every tribal political system.
"International Hegemony in Global Supply Chains: Specialization, Risk, and Geopolitical Transformations
This research explores the evolution of global supply chains and their transformation into strategic tools for major industrial powers. By analyzing the roles countries play within these chains, it sheds light on the structural gap between hubs of innovation and peripheral manufacturing zones. The study highlights the vulnerabilities of global supply chains amid rising geopolitical tensions, pandemics, and technological rivalries. It concludes that global economic stability now hinges not only on market performance, but on the resilience and strategic management of cross-border supply systems.
The repercussions of the (Israeli) war in Gaza on the regional positioning of Iran and Turkey
This section analytically and comparatively reviews the multiple repercussions of the Israeli war in Gaza on both Iran and Turkey. The military operation represented a watershed moment for the repositioning of these powers within the regional order. For Iran, the war represented an opportunity to strengthen its role as a strategic supporter of the resistance, exploit it as a pressure card against the normalization process, and reposition itself on the nuclear issue, despite major security and economic challenges and escalating US-Israeli pressure, especially under the second Trump administration. As for Turkey, its positions witnessed a gradual shift from balanced rhetoric to political and diplomatic escalation against Israel, driven by internal pressures and municipal elections, while seeking to preserve its intertwined economic interests with Israel. The study also addresses the decline of Turkey's role as a mediator in the Palestinian issue, compared to the growing role of Iran through regional proxies. It also examines the impact of the war on major regional projects, such as energy and transportation corridors, and geopolitical conflicts in the Eastern Mediterranean. This study highlights that the war has revealed the extent to which political and security considerations overlap with the economic interests of regional actors, making their positions more complex and volatile regarding the conflict, given the reshaping of the regional order and the decline of traditional American hegemony.