The Panopticon: Transformations Surveillance Authority in the Digital Age

Abstract

Technological advancements in recent decades have brought about a qualitative shift in surveillance, in terms of tools, techniques, institutional structure, objectives, and desired outcomes. Surveillance has become a global issue, transforming from a physical, spatial, and punitive system to a moral, legal, and network-based one, relying on modern digitization. Once the domain of the state, used for security, reform, and maintaining order, it has been privatized and driven by profit, shifting from the production of material goods to the sale of future consumer behavior. These transformations have been the focus of research by several thinkers, most notably Jeremy Bentham, Michel Foucault, and Shoshana Zuboff, whose writings have significantly influenced