Don Casler and Tyler Jost, Lost in Transmission: Bureaucracy, Noise and Communication in International politics, International Security,

Abstract

Traditionally, scholars have attributed gaps between senders and receivers to noise in the international system, as well as to receiver-side errors such as psychological biases and organizational inefficiencies. However, international communication is a reciprocal, two-way process. Casler and Jost demonstrate that senders themselves can contribute to misunderstanding through transmission noise. Some misunderstandings arise from bureaucracies’ inability to effectively articulate what political leaders intend to convey.